Hydrogen fuel cell cars are emerging as a potential alternative to both battery-electric and internal combustion vehicles, providing the advantages of quick refuelling, long-range capabilities, and zero emissions. Unlike conventional electric vehicles that rely on large lithium-ion batteries, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles generate electricity on demand through an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, with water vapour as the only byproduct. This means they can be refuelled in just a few minutes, much like a petrol or diesel car, rather than needing lengthy charging times.

A hydrogen car’s fuel cell acts as a mini power station. High-pressure hydrogen gas is stored in tanks within the vehicle before being fed into the fuel cell, where it is combined with oxygen from the air. This reaction generates electricity, which is either sent directly to the car’s electric motor or temporarily stored in a small battery to provide extra power when needed, such as during acceleration. The process produces no harmful emissions, making hydrogen cars a clean alternative to traditional petrol and diesel vehicles.

Despite these advantages, hydrogen fuel cell cars face several challenges. One of the biggest barriers to widespread adoption is the lack of refuelling infrastructure. In the UK, hydrogen filling stations remain extremely limited, making it difficult for drivers to rely on hydrogen as a practical everyday fuel. Additionally, the production of hydrogen itself can be problematic as hydrogen does not exist in a pure form on earth meaning that it has to be extracted from compounds like natural gas or water. Most hydrogen today is produced using fossil fuels, which still generate carbon emissions, although investment in green hydrogen produced using renewable energy is increasing.

Currently, hydrogen fuel cell technology is seen as promising for commercial transport, such as heavy goods vehicles and fleet operations, where quick refuelling and long range are crucial. Some manufacturers are also exploring hydrogen combustion engines, which work similarly to traditional internal combustion engines but burn hydrogen instead of petrol or diesel, potentially providing another route for hydrogen to play a role in the transition away from fossil fuels.

For now, hydrogen cars remain a niche option in the motor industry, with only a handful of models available and high purchase costs limiting demand. However, if infrastructure improves and green hydrogen production scales up, hydrogen-powered vehicles could have an important part to play in the future of transport, particularly where battery-electric power may not be the most practical solution.